In which text can you find information about
1. the risks of feeding a child via a nasogastric tube?
2. calculating the length of tube that will be required for a patient?
3. when alternative forms of feeding may be more appropriate than nasogastric?
4. who to consult over a patient’s liquid food requirements?
5. the outward appearance of the tubes?
6. knowing when it is safe to go ahead with the use of a tube for feeding?
7. how regularly different kinds of tubes need replacing?

Questions 8-15. Answer each of the questions, 8-15, with a word or short phrase from one of the texts. Each answer may include words, numbers or both.

8. What type of tube should you use for patients who need nasogastric feeding for an extended period?
9. What should you apply to a feeding tube to make it easier to insert?
10. What should you use to keep the tube in place temporarily?
11. What equipment should you use initially to aspirate a feeding tube?
12. If initial aspiration of the feeding tube is unsuccessful, how long should you wait before trying again?
13. How should you position a patient during a second attempt to obtain aspirate?
14. If aspirate exceeds pH 5.5, where should you take the patient to confirm the position of the tube?
15. What device allows for the delivery of feeds via the small bowel?

Questions 16-20. Complete each of the sentences, 16-20, with a word or short phrase from one of the texts. Each answer may include words, numbers or both.
16. If a feeding tube isn’t straight when you unwrap it, you should it.
17. Patients are more likely to experience long-term feeding via a tube.
18. If you need to give the patient a standard liquid feed, the tube to use is in size.
19. You must take out the feeding tube at once if the patient is coughing badly or is experiencing
20. If a child is receiving ___________ via a feeding tube, you should replace the feed bottle after four hours.

Text A

Paediatric nasogastric tube use
Nasogastric is the most common route for enteral feeding. It is particularly useful in the short term, and when it is necessary to avoid a surgical procedure to insert a gastrostomy device. However, in the long term, gastrostomy feeding may be more suitable.
Issues associated with paediatric nasogastric tube feeding include:
• The procedure for inserting the tube is traumatic for the majority of children.
• The tube ls very noticeable.
• Patients are likely to pull out the tube making regular re-insertion necessary.
• Aspiration, if the tube is incorrectly placed.
• Increased risk of gastro-esophageal reflux with prolonged use.
• Damage to the skin on the face.

Text B

Inserting the nasogastric tube
All tubes must be radio opaque throughout their length and have externally visible markings.
1. Wide bore:
– for short-term use only.
– should be changed every seven days.
– range of sizes for paediatric use is 6 Fr to 10 Fr.
2. Fine bore:
– for long-term use.
– should be changed every 30 days.
In general, tube sizes of 6 Fr are used for standard feeds, and 7-10 Fr for higher density and fibre feeds. Tubes come in a range of lengths, usually 55cm, 75cm or 85cm.
Wash and dry hands thoroughly. Place all the equipment needed on a clean tray.
• Find the most appropriate position for the child, depending on age and/or ability to co­ operate. Older children may be able to sit upright with head support. Younger children may sit on a parent’s lap. Infants may be wrapped in a sheet or blanket.
• Check the tube is intact then stretch it to remove any shape retained from being packaged.
• Measure from the tip of the nose to the bottom of the ear lobe, then from the ear lobe to xiphisternum. The length of tube can be marked with indelible pen or a note taken of the measurement marks on the tube (for neonates: measure from the nose to ear and then to the halfway point between xiphisternum and umbilicus).
• Lubricate the end of the tube using a water-based lubricant.
• Gently pass the tube into the child’s nostril, advancing·1along the floor of the nasopharynx to the oropharynx. Ask the child to swallow a little water, or offer a younger child their soother, to assist passage of the tube down the oesophagus. Never advance the tube against resistance.
• If the child shows signs of breathlessness or severe coughing,
• remove the tube immediately.
Lightly secure the tube with tape until the position has been checked

Text C

Text D:

Administering feeds/fluid via a feeding tube
Feeds are ordered through a referral to the dietitian.
When feeding directly into the small bowel, feeds must be delivered continuously via a feeding pump. The small bowel cannot hold large volumes of feed.
Feed bottles must be changed every six hours, or every four hours for expressed breast milk.
Under no circumstances should the feed be decanted from the container in which it is sent up from the special feeds unit.
All feeds should be monitored and recorded hourly using a fluid balance chart. If oral feeding is appropriate, this must also be recorded.
The child should be measured and weighed before feeding commences and then twice weekly.
The use of this feeding method should be re-assessed, evaluated and recorded daily.