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Conjunctive adverbs are words that function as both adverbs and connectors, linking independent clauses or sentences. They help express relationships such as cause and effect, contrast, comparison, or sequence. Common conjunctive adverbs include therefore, however, moreover, nevertheless, consequently, furthermore, and meanwhile.
Accordingly – used to show a result or consequence Example: He failed the test; accordingly, he has to retake the class.
Also – used to add information or to show a relationship between two ideas Example: She is an excellent pianist; also, she can sing very well.
Besides – used to add information or to show a relationship between two ideas Example: The store has a great selection of clothes; besides, their prices are very reasonable.
Consequently – used to show a result or consequence Example: She missed the train; consequently, she was late for work.
Hence – used to show a result or consequence Example: The car broke down; hence, we had to call a tow truck.
However – used to show a contrast or comparison Example: She loves swimming; however, she is afraid of deep water.
Indeed – used to emphasize a point or to show agreement Example: He is a great athlete; indeed, he is the best in the team.
Meanwhile – used to show a contrast or comparison between two actions happening at the same time Example: She is studying for her exams; meanwhile, her brother is watching TV.
Moreover – used to add information or to show a relationship between two ideas Example: He is very smart; moreover, he has a great sense of humor.
Nevertheless – used to show a contrast or comparison Example: The movie was boring; nevertheless, she watched it until the end.
Similarly – used to show a comparison between two ideas or things Example: He plays the guitar; similarly, his sister plays the piano.
Therefore – used to show a result or consequence Example: He was late for work; therefore, he missed an important meeting.
Thus – used to show a result or consequence Example: The project was successful; thus, we received an award for it.
By using conjunctive adverbs, writers can create more complex and varied sentences, which can make their writing more interesting and effective.
Contrast conjunctions are words or phrases used to express opposition or difference between ideas or elements in a sentence. They help highlight distinctions, contradictions, or conflicting relationships. Common contrast conjunctions include but, yet, however, although, even though, nevertheless, on the other hand, and in contrast.
Examples:
But: used to show a contrast or an exception. Example: She is smart, but she is not very organized.
Yet: used to show a contrast or a contradiction. Example: He works hard, yet he does not get good grades.
However: used to show a contrast or a limitation. Example: She is very talented; however, she lacks experience.
Although: used to show a contrast or a concession. Example: Although it was raining, they went to the beach.
While: used to show a contrast or a comparison. Example: She is quiet, while her sister is very talkative.
Whereas: used to show a contrast or a comparison. Example: He likes spicy food, whereas she prefers mild food.
Despite: used to show a contrast or a contradiction. Example: Despite the bad weather, they went camping.
In contrast: used to show a comparison or a difference. Example: She is very outgoing; in contrast, her sister is shy.
On the other hand: used to show a contrast or an alternative. Example: He likes to stay up late; on the other hand, his sister goes to bed early.
Instead: used to show a contrast or a substitution. Example: She decided to stay home instead of going to the party.
By using contrast conjunctions, writers can create a more complex and nuanced text, showing the differences between ideas, events, and characters in their writing.
Examples:
(1) Both…and: used to show that two things are true or that two things should be considered together. Example: Both my sister and my brother enjoy playing the piano.
(2 )Either…or: used to show a choice between two things. Example: You can either go to the beach or go to the park.
(3) Neither…nor: used to indicate that both options are negative. Example: Neither the teacher nor the students were happy with the test results.
(3) Not only…but also: used to add emphasis to two related ideas or to show that two things are true. Example: Not only did she win the competition, but she also broke the record.
(4) Whether…or: used to show a choice between two options or alternatives. Example: I am not sure whether to take the job or wait for a better opportunity.
(5) As…as: used to show an equal comparison between two things. Example: She is as intelligent as she is beautiful.
(6) Such…that: used to indicate a result or consequence. Example: The rain was so heavy that we had to cancel the picnic.
(7) No sooner…than: used to show that one thing happened immediately after another. Example: No sooner had she finished her homework than she started watching TV.
Subordinating conjunctions link two parts of a sentence, making it more complex. They connect a dependent clause (incomplete thought) to an independent clause (complete thought). These words, like after, because, and when, show relationships like time, cause-and-effect, or contrast between the clauses.
Examples:
More examples of subordinating conjunctions
1. After:
– After the rain stopped, we went outside to play.
– We went outside to play after the rain stopped.
– After I finish my chores, I’ll join you for dinner.
– I’ll join you for dinner after I finish my chores.
2. Although:
– Although it was late, she decided to go for a run.
– She decided to go for a run, although it was late.
– Although he studied hard, he still failed the exam.
– He still failed the exam, although he studied hard.
3. As:
– As I was walking to the store, I saw an old friend.
– I saw an old friend as I was walking to the store.
– She smiled at me as if she knew something I didn’t.
– As if she knew something I didn’t, she smiled at me.
4. As if:
– He acted as if he had never seen a dog before.
– He had never seen a dog before, as if he acted.
– She looked at me as if I had grown another head.
– As if I had grown another head, she looked at me.
5. As long as:
– You can stay up late as long as you finish your homework.
– As long as you finish your homework, you can stay up late.
– As long as the food is delicious, I’ll eat anything.
– I’ll eat anything as long as the food is delicious.
6. As much as:
– As much as I love ice cream, I know it’s not good for me.
– I know it’s not good for me, as much as I love ice cream.
– As much as he wanted to go on vacation, he couldn’t afford it.
– He couldn’t afford it, as much as he wanted to go on vacation.
7. As soon as:
– As soon as the bell rings, you can leave the classroom.
– You can leave the classroom as soon as the bell rings.
– She knew the answer as soon as the question was asked.
– As soon as the question was asked, she knew the answer.
8. As though:
– He acted as though he had seen a ghost.
– He had seen a ghost, as though he acted.
– She talked to me as though I were a child.
– As though I were a child, she talked to me.
9. Because:
– They cancelled the picnic because of the bad weather.
– Because of the bad weather, they cancelled the picnic.
– She didn’t go to the party because she wasn’t feeling well.
– Because she wasn’t feeling well, she didn’t go to the party.
10. Before:
– Before she goes to bed, she reads a book.
– She reads a book before she goes to bed.
– He likes to have his coffee before he starts work.
– Before he starts work, he likes to have his coffee.
11. By the time:
– By the time she arrived, the party was already over.
– The party was already over by the time she arrived.
– By the time we finish the project, the deadline will have passed.
– The deadline will have passed by the time we finish the project.
12. Even if:
– Even if it rains, we’ll still go to the beach.
– We’ll still go to the beach, even if it rains.
– Even if he apologizes, I’m not sure I can forgive him.
– I’m not sure I can forgive him, even if he apologizes.
13. Even though:
– Even though it was his birthday, he didn’t want to celebrate.
– He didn’t want to celebrate, even though it was his birthday.
– Even though she studied hard, she failed the exam.
– She failed the exam, even though she studied hard.
14. If:
– If it rains, we’ll stay indoors.
– We’ll stay indoors if it rains.
– If he arrives late, we’ll start without him.
– We’ll start without him if he arrives late.
15. Inasmuch as:
– Inasmuch as I appreciate the offer, I have to decline.
– I have to decline inasmuch as I appreciate the offer.
– Inasmuch as he wants to help, he doesn’t know how.
– He doesn’t know how, inasmuch as he wants to help.
16. In case:
– Take an umbrella in case it rains.
– In case it rains, take an umbrella.
– I brought some snacks in case we get hungry.
– In case we get hungry, I brought some snacks.
17. In order that:
– I’ll leave early in order that I can catch the train.
– In order that I can catch the train, I’ll leave early.
– She turned up the volume in order that she could hear better.
– In order that she could hear better, she turned up the volume.
18. Lest:
– Turn off the lights lest they attract mosquitoes.
– Lest they attract mosquitoes, turn off the lights.
– She wrote a reminder lest she forget about the meeting.
– Lest she forget about the meeting, she wrote a reminder.
19. Now that:
– Now that we’re here, let’s enjoy ourselves.
– Let’s enjoy ourselves, now that we’re here.
– Now that he has a job, he can afford to buy a car.
– He can afford to buy a car, now that he has a job.
20. Once:
– Once you finish your homework, you can go out and play.
– You can go out and play once you finish your homework.
– Once the sun sets, it will be too dark to play outside.
– It will be too dark to play outside once the sun sets.
21. Provided (that):
– You can go to the party provided that you finish your homework first.
– Provided that you finish your homework first, you can go to the party.
– We can go for a walk provided that it stops raining.
– Provided that it stops raining, we can go for a walk.
22. Rather than:
– He chose to walk rather than take the bus.
– Rather than take the bus, he chose to walk.
– She decided to apologize rather than argue further.
– Rather than argue further, she decided to apologize.
23. Since:
– Since it’s already late, let’s go to bed.
– Let’s go to bed since it’s already late.
– Since he already knows the answer, there’s no need to ask him.
– There’s no need to ask him since he already knows the answer.
24. So that:
– He opened the window so that fresh air could come in.
– So that fresh air could come in, he opened the window.
– She left a note on the table so that we wouldn’t forget.
– So that we wouldn’t forget, she left a note on the table.
25. Supposing (that):
– Supposing that you don’t pass the test, what will you do?
– What will you do, supposing that you don’t pass the test?
– Supposing that it rains, we should bring umbrellas.
– We should bring umbrellas, supposing that it rains.
26. Than:
– She is taller than her sister.
– Her sister is shorter than she is.
– He would rather walk than take the bus.
– Than take the bus, he would rather walk.
27. That:
– He said that he would come to the party.
– I know that you can do better than this.
– She believes that honesty is the best policy.
– It’s possible that she forgot about the meeting.
28. Though:
– Though it was raining, they decided to go for a walk.
– They decided to go for a walk, though it was raining.
– He failed the exam, though he studied hard.
– Though he studied hard, he failed the exam.
29. Till:
– We’ll wait here till you arrive.
– Till you arrive, we’ll wait here.
– He worked till late in the night to finish the project.
– Till late in the night, he worked to finish the project.
30. Unless:
– Unless you apologize, I won’t forgive you.
– I won’t forgive you unless you apologize.
– We won’t be able to go out unless the rain stops.
– Unless the rain stops, we won’t be able to go out.
31. Until:
– We’ll wait here until you finish your presentation.
– Until you finish your presentation, we’ll wait here.
– She stayed up until midnight studying for her exam.
– Until midnight, she stayed up studying for her exam.
32. When:
– I’ll call you when I reach the airport.
– When I reach the airport, I’ll call you.
– He always gets nervous when he has to speak in public.
– When he has to speak in public, he always gets nervous.
33. Whenever:
– Whenever she hears that song, it reminds her of her childhood.
– It reminds her of her childhood whenever she hears that song.
– He always brings flowers whenever he visits his grandmother.
– Whenever he visits his grandmother, he always brings flowers.
34. Where:
– This is where we first met.
– We first met where you’re standing.
– She looked everywhere to find her keys, but she couldn’t remember where she left them.
– She couldn’t remember where she left them, even though she looked everywhere to find her keys.
35. Whereas:
– She enjoys sweet foods, whereas her sister prefers savory dishes.
– Whereas her sister prefers savory dishes, she enjoys sweet foods.
– He enjoys spending time outdoors, whereas his brother prefers staying indoors.
– Whereas his brother prefers staying indoors, he enjoys spending time outdoors.
36. Wherever:
– She’ll follow her dreams wherever they may lead.
– Wherever they may lead, she’ll follow her dreams.
– He always carries his camera wherever he goes.
– Wherever he goes, he always carries his camera.
37. Whether:
– Whether you like it or not, we have to finish this project by tomorrow.
– We have to finish this project by tomorrow, whether you like it or not.
– She couldn’t decide whether to go to the party or stay home.
– Whether to go to the party or stay home, she couldn’t decide.
38. While:
– I like to listen to music while I’m working.
– While I’m working, I like to listen to music.
– She called her friend while she was waiting for the bus.
– While she was waiting for the bus, she called her friend.
39. Because of:
– She couldn’t attend the meeting because of a family emergency.
– Because of a family emergency, she couldn’t attend the meeting.
– He was late to the party because of heavy traffic.
– Because of heavy traffic, he was late to the party.
40. In spite of:
– In spite of the rain, they decided to go for a picnic.
– They decided to go for a picnic in spite of the rain.
– In spite of his busy schedule, he always finds time for his hobbies.
– He always finds time for his hobbies in spite of his busy schedule.
41. Despite:
– Despite the bad weather, they went ahead with the outdoor party.
– They went ahead with the outdoor party despite the bad weather.
– Despite his busy schedule, he always finds time for his family.
– He always finds time for his family despite his busy schedule.
42. Even when:
– Even when it’s late, he insists on finishing his work.
– He insists on finishing his work even when it’s late.
– Even when she was tired, she kept practicing the piano.
– She kept practicing the piano even when she was tired.
43. Whether or not:
– Whether or not she agrees, we’re going ahead with the plan.
– We’re going ahead with the plan whether or not she agrees.
– Whether or not it rains, the picnic will still take place.
– The picnic will still take place whether or not it rains.
44. No matter:
– No matter what happens, I’ll always be there for you.
– I’ll always be there for you, no matter what happens.
– No matter how hard she tries, she can’t seem to please everyone.
– She can’t seem to please everyone, no matter how hard she tries.
45. So long as:
– You can use my car so long as you fill up the tank afterward.
– So long as you fill up the tank afterward, you can use my car.
– He’s allowed to play video games so long as he finishes his homework first.
– So long as he finishes his homework first, he’s allowed to play video games.
46. In the event that:
– In the event that the power goes out, we have flashlights and candles.
– We have flashlights and candles in the event that the power goes out.
– He packed an extra jacket in the event that it gets cold.
– In the event that it gets cold, he packed an extra jacket.
47. Insofar as:
– Insofar as I know, the meeting is still scheduled for tomorrow.
– The meeting is still scheduled for tomorrow, insofar as I know.
– She followed the instructions insofar as she understood them.
– Insofar as she understood them, she followed the instructions.
48. Provided (that):
– You can borrow my car provided that you return it by Friday.
– Provided that you return it by Friday, you can borrow my car.
– We’ll go to the beach provided that the weather stays nice.
– Provided that the weather stays nice, we’ll go to the beach.
49. Whether or not:
– Whether or not he apologizes, I won’t forgive him.
– I won’t forgive him whether or not he apologizes.
– Whether or not they win the game, they’ll still celebrate.
– They’ll still celebrate whether or not they win the game.
50. Seeing that:
– Seeing that you’re tired, let’s call it a day and continue tomorrow.
– Let’s call it a day and continue tomorrow, seeing that you’re tired.
– Seeing that she’s upset, he decided to postpone the conversation.
– He decided to postpone the conversation, seeing that she’s upset.
Do not start a sentence with coordinating conjunctions. Use them in between
(1) F: for കാരണം
Example: He scored good marks, for he had studied well.
(2) A: and മാത്രമല്ല
Example: He came early, and he slept off.
If you share the subject: He came early and slept off.
(3) N: nor അതും ഇല്ല
Example: He did not come to the party, nor did he call to inform that he was not coming.
(4) B: but പക്ഷെ
Example: I drink tea, but I do not use sugar.
(5) O: or അല്ലെങ്കിൽ
Example: You can try IELTS, or you can try OET.
If you share the subject: You can try IELTS or OET.
(6) Y: yet: എന്നിട്ടും
Example: He came early, yet he didn’t get the bus.
If you share subject: He came early yet didn’t get the bus.
(7) S: so: അതുകൊണ്ട്
Example: He studied well, so he passed the exam.