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Bullying in schools can have serious consequences for students. How does bullying affect students, and what measures can be implemented to prevent and address bullying in educational settings?
Model answer by Lifestyle Training Centre
Bullying is a pervasive and insidious issue, often yielding tragic outcomes, particularly within academic settings. Its impact transcends mere insults, inflicting lasting harm with lifelong repercussions. This essay will illuminate some of the profound ramifications of bullying while proposing pragmatic actions to combat this grave injustice.
First and foremost, bullying severely damages a child’s mental health. The cruel and cowardly nature of bullying implants feelings of worthlessness and helplessness in its victims. Often, those in positions of power, such as stronger individuals or older students, exploit their status to mistreat the weaker or younger ones, starting with verbal abuse that can escalate to physical violence, and tragically, even to accidental or deliberate homicide. Moreover, the consequences of bullying can drive a student to abandon their studies entirely out of fear of returning to school. Additionally, as a reactionary response, victims of bullying may eventually adopt bullying behaviours themselves. This insidious cycle perpetuates negative characteristics among students, subtly fostering a path towards criminal behaviour.
Careful measures must be taken to counteract bullying effectively. Fostering a friendly atmosphere and deep bonds among students can significantly reduce the likelihood of bullying. Continuous monitoring by teachers enhances students’ awareness, alongside the installation of surveillance cameras for added safety. Finally, establishing and implementing strict anti-bullying rules without bias would eliminate every chance of bullying.
To conclude, bullying, especially within school settings, remains a significant concern, with the potential to inflict psychological harm, instil fear, and cultivate negative behaviours among students. Implementing stringent measures against bullies, increased supervision through surveillance cameras, and vigilant monitoring by teachers could significantly deter bullying behaviours. Ultimately, schools should aspire to be sanctuaries of safety and support, where every child feels valued, nurtured, empowered, and educated.
List of vocabulary used
Pervasive: Spread widely throughout an area or a group of people.
Insidious: Proceeding in a gradual, subtle way, but with harmful effects.
Yielding: Producing or providing.
Tragic: Causing or characterized by extreme distress or sorrow.
Academic settings: Environments related to education, such as schools or universities.
Transcends: Goes beyond the limits of.
Inflicting: Causing something unpleasant or painful to be suffered by someone or something.
Repercussions: Unintended consequences of an event or action, especially when unwelcome or unpleasant.
Illuminate: To clarify or explain.
Profound: Very great or intense.
Ramifications: Consequences of an action or event, especially when complex or unwelcome.
Pragmatic: Dealing with things sensibly and realistically.
Combat: To take action to reduce or prevent something bad or undesirable.
Grave: Serious or important.
Injustice: Lack of fairness or justice.
Mental health: A person’s condition with regard to their psychological and emotional well-being.
Cruel: Willfully causing pain or suffering to others.
Cowardly: Lacking courage.
Implants: Establishes or fixes (an idea) firmly in someone’s mind.
Worthlessness: The feeling of having no value.
Helplessness: The feeling of being unable to do anything to help oneself.
Exploit: To take advantage of someone or something in a way considered unfair or underhanded.
Verbal abuse: The use of words to cause harm to the person being spoken to.
Escalate: To increase rapidly.
Physical violence: The use of physical force to harm someone.
Homicide: The killing of one person by another.
Consequences: The results or effects of actions or conditions.
Abandon: To give up completely.
Reactionary: Opposing political or social progress or reform.
Adopt: To take up or start to use or follow.
Cycle: A series of events that are regularly repeated in the same order.
Perpetuates: Makes something continue indefinitely.
Subtly: In a manner that is not obvious or easily noticeable.
Fostering: Encouraging or promoting the development of.
Surveillance: Close observation, especially of a suspected person or area.
Eliminate: To completely remove or get rid of.
Sanctuaries: Places of refuge or safety.
Valued: Considered to be important or beneficial.
Nurtured: Cared for and encouraged the growth or development of.
Empowered: Given the power or authority to do something.
Educated: Given intellectual, moral, and social instruction.
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Text A Anaphylactic shock occurs rapidly and is life-threatening. Anaphylactic shock is a systemic, type I hypersensitivity reaction that often has fatal consequences. Anaphylaxis causes the immune system to release a flood of chemicals that can cause a person to go into shock.
Text B Pathophysiology: Anaphylaxis occurs in an individual after re exposure to an antigen to which that person has produced a specific lgE antibody. Re exposure: Upon re exposure to the sensitized allergen, the allergen may cross-link the mast cell or basophil surface-bound allergen-specific IgE resulting in cellular degranulation as well as de novo synthesis of mediators. Binding: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) binds to the antigen (the foreign material that provokes the allergic reaction). Activation: Antigen-bound IgE then activates FcεRI receptors on mast cells and basophils. Inflammatory mediators release. This leads to the release of inflammatory mediators such as histamine. Histamine release: Many of the signs and symptoms of anaphylaxis are attributable to binding of histamine to its receptors; binding to H1 receptors mediates pruritus, rhinorrhea, tachycardia, and bronchospasm. ProstaglandinD2: Prostaglandin D2 mediates bronchospasm and vascular dilatation,principle manifestations of anaphylaxis. Leukotriene C4: Leukotriene C4 is converted into LTD4 and LTE4, mediators of hypotension, bronchospasm, and mucous secretion during anaphylaxis in addition to acting as chemotactic signals for eosinophils and neutrophils. Causes Allergy symptoms aren’t usually life-threatening, but a severe allergic reaction can lead to anaphylaxis. Food allergies: The most common anaphylaxis triggers in children are food allergies, such as to peanuts, and tree nuts, fish, shellfish and milk. Medication allergies: Certain medications, including antibiotics, aspirin and other over-the-counter pain relievers, and the intravenous (IV) contrast used in some imaging tests. Insect allergies: Stings from bees, yellow jackets, wasps, hornets and fire ants. Latex allergy: Latex allergy develops after many previous exposures to latex. Clinical Manifestations: An anaphylactic reaction produces the following symptoms: Anxiety: The first symptoms usually include a feeling of impending doom or fright. Skin reactions: Skin reactions such as hives, itching, and flushed or pale skin follow. Shortness of breath: Constriction of the airways and a swollen tongue or throat could cause wheezing and troubled breathing. Hypotension: A low blood pressure occurs as one of the major symptoms of shock. Tachycardia: The heart compensates through pumping faster and trying to deliver blood to all body systems. Dizziness: The patient may feel dizzy which could lead to fainting. Medical Management: Treatment of anaphylactic shock include: Remove antigen: Removing the causative antigen such as discontinuing an antibiotic agent could stop the progression of shock. Administer medications: Administer medications that restore vascular tone and provide emergency support of basic life functions. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation: If cardiac arrest and respiratory arrest are imminent or have occurred, cardiopulmonary resuscitation is performed. Endotracheal intubation: Endotracheal intubation or tracheostomy may be necessary to establish an airway. Intravenous therapy: IV lines are inserted to provide access for administering fluids
Text C
Text D Quick reference anaphylaxis algorithm. Rapid assessment: Airway: look for and relieve airway obstruction; call for help early if there are signs of obstruction. Remove any traces of allergen remaining (eg, nut fragments caught in teeth, with a mouthwash; bee stings without compressing any attached venom sacs). Breathing: look for and treat bronchospasm and signs of respiratory distress. Circulation: colour, pulse and BP. Disability: assess whether responding or unconscious. Exposure: assess skin with adequate exposure, but avoid excess heat loss. Consider anaphylaxis when there is compatible history of rapid-onset severe allergic-type reaction with respiratory difficulty and/or hypotension, especially if there are skin changes present. Give high-flow oxygen – using a mask with an oxygen reservoir (greater than 10 litres min-1 to prevent reservoir collapse). Lay the patient flat: Raise the legs (with care, as this may worsen any breathing problems). In pregnant patients, use a left lateral tilt of at least 15° (to avoid caval compression). Adrenaline (epinephrine) intramuscularly (IM) in the anterolateral aspect of the middle third of the thigh (safe, easy, effective):
1. Food allergy may cause anaphylactic shock ………………………. 2. History of previous exposure leads to anaphylaxis in persons with repeated exposure to the same antigen ………………………. 3. Individuals may feel itching after the exposure …………………………. 4. One fifth of the allergic reactions is due to egg …………………… 5. Immediate action to be taken when a person goes into anaphylactic shock ………………………. 6. Anaphylactic shock may also cause death ………………………. 7. H1 receptors may cause breathing difficulty ……………………….
Questions 8-14. Answer each of the questions, 8-4, with a word or short phrase from one of the texts. Each answer may include words, number of the both. Your answers should be correctly spelled.
8. What should be given in order to maintain respiration? …………………… 9. What can be avoided by removing the antigen from the body? ………………… 10. What is released by the immune system during anaphylaxis? ………………………………. 11. What is the most common cause of anaphylaxis in children? ……………… 12. Which allergy may occur after several previous exposures? ……………………. 13. Which position is given to pregnant women in order to maintain breathing? ……….. 14. What should be checked to assess circulation?……….
Questions 15-20. Complete each of the sentences, 15- 20, with a word or short phrase from one of the texts. Each answer may include words, number or both. Your answers should be correctly spelled
15. Anaphylactic shock is a ………………….type 1 systemic reaction. 16. One of the major symptoms of shock is……. 17. …………………. is given intramuscularly to stop progression of shock. 18. …………….. symptoms usually do not cause fatal consequences. 19. ………………….activates FcέRI receptors on mast cells and basophils. 20. Medications to be administered to restore………. and provide emergency support.
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Text A: Deep vein thrombosis is a part of a condition called venous thromboembolism. Deep vein thrombosis occurs when a blood clot (thrombus) forms in one or more of the deep veins in the body, usually in the legs. Deep vein thrombosis can cause leg pain or swelling, but may occur without any symptoms. Deep vein thrombosis is a serious condition because blood clots in the veins can break loose, travel through the bloodstream, and obstruct the lungs, blocking blood flow.
Text B Clinical Manifestations A major problem associated with recognizing DVT is that the signs and symptoms are nonspecific. Edema: With obstruction of the deep veins comes edema and swelling of the extremity because the outflow of venous blood is inhibited Phlegmasiaceruleadolens: Also called massive iliofemoral venous thrombosis, the entire extremity becomes massively swollen, tense, painful, and cool to the touch. Tenderness: Tenderness, which usually occurs later, is produced by inflammation of the vein wall and can be detected by gently palpating the affected extremity. Pulmonary embolus: In some cases, signs and symptoms of a pulmonary embolus are the first indication of DVT Medical Management The objectives for treatment of DVT are to prevent thrombus from growing and fragmenting, recurrent thromboemboli, and post thrombotic syndrome. Endovascular management; Endovascular management is necessary for DVT when anticoagulant or thrombolytic therapy is contraindicated, the danger of pulmonary embolism is extreme, or venous drainage is so severely compromised that permanent damage to the extremity is likely. Vena cava filter: A vena cava filter may be placed at the time of thrombectomy; this filter traps late emboli and prevents pulmonary emboli. Discharge and Home Care Guidelines The nurse must also promote discharge and home care to the patient.
Text C Heparin (Rx)
Drug
Strength
Route of Administration
Recommended dosage
FIRST PTT CHECK
1unit/mL 2units/mL 10units/mL 100units/mL
Sc/IV
80 units/kg IV bolus, THEN continuous infusion of 18 units/kg/hr, OR 5000 units IV bolus, THEN continuous infusion of 1300 units/hr, OR 250 units/kg (alternatively, 17,500 units) SC, THEN 250 units/kg q12hr
6 hours after starting infusion
Drug education : The nurse should teach about the prescribed anticoagulant, its purpose, and the need to take the correct amount at the specific times prescribed. Blood tests: The patient should be aware that periodic blood tests are necessary to determine if a change in medication or dosage is required. Avoid alcohol : A person who refuses to discontinue the use of alcohol should not receive anticoagulants because chronic alcohol intake decreases their effectiveness. Activity: Explain the importance of elevating the legs and exercising adequately.
Text D Nursing Care Planning & Goals: The major goals for the patient include: Demonstrate increased perfusion as individually appropriate. Verbalize understanding of condition, therapy, regimen, side effects of medications, and when to contact the healthcare provider. Engage in behaviors or lifestyle changes to increase level of ease. Verbalize sense of comfort or contentment. Maintain position of function and skin integrity as evidenced by absence of contractures, foot drop, decubitus, and so forth. Maintain or increase strength and function of affected and/or compensatory body part. Nursing Interventions: The major nursing interventions that the nurse should observe are: Provide comfort; Elevation of the affected extremity, graduated compression stockings, warm application, and ambulation are adjuncts to the therapy that can remove or reduce discomfort. Compression therapy: Graduated compression stockings reduce the caliber of the superficial veins in the leg and increase flow in the deep veins; external compression devices and wraps are short stretch elastic wraps that are applied from the toes to the knees in a 50% spiral overlap; intermittent pneumatic compression devices increase blood velocity beyond that produced by the stockings. Positioning and exercise: When patient is on bed rest, the feet and lower legs should be elevated periodically above the level of the heart, and active and passive leg exercises should be performed to increase venous flow.
In which text can you find information about?
1. Endovascular management is for DVT ………………… 2. Outflow of venous blood causing extreme swelling …………………. 3. The person receiving anticoagulants should avoid alcohol.…………… 4. Deep vein thrombosis is asymptomatic sometimes ………………… 5. Compression therapy reduces the caliber of the superficial veins in the leg ………………… 6. The importance of keeping legs elevated ………………… 7. The nursing interventions …………………
Questions 8-14: Answer each questions, 8-4, with a word or short phrase from one of the texts. Each answer may include words, number or the both. Your answers should be correctly spelled.
8. What is the route of administration of heparin? ………. 9. In which part of the body DVT normally occurs? ………. 10. When vena cava filler is used? ………. 11. Which management is preferred for DVT if anticoagulant or thrombolytic therapy is contraindicated?… 12. Which is the term used to describe the massive iliofemoral venous thrombosis?……… 13. Which symptom usually occurs late in DVT?…….. 14. DVT is a part of a condition called?
Questions 15-20. Complete each of the sentences, 15- 20, with a word or short phrase from one of the texts. Each answer may include words, number or both. Your answers should be correctly spelled 15. A major problem is associated with recognizing DVT is that the signs and symptoms are…. 16. Tenderness which usually occurs later is produced by………………. of the vein wall 17. In some cases, signs and symptoms of a …………are the first indication. 18. First PPT check is ……………… hours after starting infusion. 19. 5000 units IV bolus, then continued infusion of ………units/hr. 20. The patient should be aware of periodic blood tests which are necessary to determine if a change in.… or dosage is required.
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7. anxious 8. energy 9. fibre 10. dairy (products) 11. (extensive) food allergy tests 12. anti(-)depressants OR (an) anti(-)depressant
EXTRACT 2
13. stiff 14. (a) heat pad OR (a) heatpad 15. physiotherapy) 16. untreatable 17. chiropractic treatment 18. Baclofen
19. (an orthopaedic/orthopedic) chair OR (a) chair 20. botulinum toxin OR botox OR BTX 21. swallowing 22. (various) oral medications/meds 23. memory loss OR loss of memory OR amnesia 24. (a) pump
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